A combination of technical challenges, job stability, and potential for career advancement makes an aviation mechanic career appealing to numerous individuals worldwide. However, embarking on this career path requires a deep understanding of the complex licensing process, which varies by region and can sometimes be confusing.
This guide will walk you through the different licenses that aviation mechanics need to obtain to work in the United States, Canada, and Europe. You will also learn what is required to get certified in each place and if there are ways to convert your license to match the rules in a different region.
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Why is there an aircraft mechanic shortage?
The shortage of aviation mechanics is a pressing issue worldwide, posing significant challenges to the aviation industry. As demand for air travel continues to grow, there is an increasing need for skilled specialists to repair aircraft and maintain safety. However many countries face a scarcity of qualified individuals entering the field.
The MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) industry grapples with a shortage of aviation mechanics due to several key factors. One reason for the shortage is the aging workforce within the aviation maintenance sector. Many experienced specialists are reaching retirement age, leading to a gradual decline in the available pool of skilled workers.
In the meantime, there has been a lack of younger individuals entering the field to replenish this talent pipeline. This is related to the fact that becoming a certified professional requires rigorous training and education. This lengthy and often costly process sometimes deters individuals from pursuing careers in aircraft maintenance despite the benefits this activity gives in the long run.
MRO companies also encounter competition from various sectors, including the automotive and manufacturing industries, for skilled mechanics, technicians, and engineers. These fields frequently provide similar wages and benefits with less need for specialized training, making them appear more appealing to potential employees than careers in aviation.
What is the future for aircraft mechanics?
Without a required number of mechanics, airlines and maintenance organizations struggle to keep up with maintenance schedules. This leads to potential safety concerns and disruptions in flight operations. To tackle this issue, and lower the risks, stakeholders including industry leaders, governments, and educational institutions are developing collaborative strategies aimed at attracting and training as many next-generation aviation mechanics as possible. But what level of severity can we anticipate for the aviation mechanics shortage in the future?
Europe’s foremost aircraft manufacturer, Airbus, warns of the genuine risk of encountering a substantial shortage of maintenance professionals. According to the Airbus Global Market Forecast, a significant surge in demand for technicians and engineers is projected to peak in the next 15 to 20 years. The plane maker anticipates a need for over 700,000 maintenance specialists by 2040. In the meantime, Boeing, the US-based rival of Airbus, predicts a little bit lower demand, claiming that the industry will need 610,000 new professionals over the same period.
With such projected demand, a career as an aviation mechanic promises a bright future. But what initial steps does a true aviation aficionado need to take in order to launch a career in this exhilarating and rewarding field?
How to start an aviation mechanic career
To embark on a career in aviation maintenance, the aspiring enthusiast must first complete an introductory course. This basic course typically covers essential topics such as aircraft engineering, ground operations, electrical systems, turbine engines, safety protocols, and regulations. Following this, the newcomer to the aircraft maintenance field needs to gain some hands-on experience.
To get the required minimum of practical experience, individuals typically join an MRO facility authorized by aviation authorities. In the United States, this authority is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); in Canada, it is Transport Canada; and in Europe, it is the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
Here, newcomers undertake more simple basic maintenance tasks, such as aircraft cleaning or fluid replenishment. Occasionally, they may be tasked with minor repairs and replacement of non-structural aircraft cabin interior parts – seats or carpets – or tire replacements. As individuals gain experience over time, their responsibilities may become more intricate. However, to carry out significant repairs, they must first obtain a specific level of licensure.
How long does it take to be an aircraft mechanic in the US?
In the United States, aspiring aircraft mechanics follow a well-defined path to obtain the necessary skills and certifications for this rewarding profession. Their journey begins with meeting some basic requirements. While a formal education is not always mandatory, the entrant for the MRO sector must be at least 18 years old and must possess a high school diploma or any equivalent qualification before enrolling in FAA-approved aviation maintenance technician programs offered by technical schools or community colleges.
In Europe, where the licensing process falls under the jurisdiction of EASA, licenses are typically categorized into three distinct groups. But in the US, aircraft mechanic licenses are divided into only two main categories: Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) Mechanics, and Inspection Authorization (IA) Mechanics licenses. These primary classifications are further supplemented by several minor subcategories.
Success on the path to becoming an aircraft mechanic hinges on passing the FAA’s written, oral, and practical examinations. These examinations evaluate candidates’ knowledge and proficiency in aircraft maintenance procedures, safety protocols, and regulatory compliance. Upon successfully completing all required examinations, aspiring aircraft mechanics receive their FAA Airframe and/or Powerplant (A&P) certificate. These certifications grant them the authority to legally work on planes.
Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) Mechanics. The license grants aircraft mechanics authorization to conduct both line and base maintenance inspections on an aircraft airframe structure, its components, and its engine. In order to acquire the A&P license, the mechanic must accrue a minimum of 18 months of hands-on experience.
Inspection Authorization (IA) Mechanics. Both the A&P and IA Mechanics licenses authorize aircraft mechanics to perform repair and overhaul tasks. However, IA Mechanics hold the added responsibility of conducting thorough inspections and approving airworthiness before aircraft can be put back into service. It is worth noting that IA Mechanics are also required to possess an FAA Inspection Authorization certificate in order to perform their duties.
Unlike in Europe, the US authority offers the chance to become a universally licensed aircraft mechanic with the capability to work on a diverse range of aircraft, rather than being limited to a specific type. However, the process doesn’t conclude upon obtaining the desired certification and accumulating experience.
To keep pace with advancements in aviation technology and regulations, aircraft mechanics must actively seek ongoing education and training opportunities. Engaging in workshops, seminars, and additional certification programs is essential to maintain competence and stay current in their field.
What do you need to be an aircraft mechanic in Canada?
The process of becoming an aircraft mechanic in Canada follows a similar path to pursuing this career in the US. But while the basic requirements remain the same, there are distinct differences in licensing categories and the process of obtaining a license.
Similar to the US, to begin a career as an aircraft mechanic in Canada, the person must be at least 18 years old and possess a high school diploma or its equivalent. Although it is not always mandatory, it is strongly recommended for aviation mechanics to complete the Transport Canada-approved aviation maintenance technician program at a college or technical school.
To be permitted to work on aircraft registered in Canada, aviation mechanics must adhere to the local licensing policy. According to Transport Canada’s requirements, newcomers must acquire a minimum of four years or 48 months of practical work experience under the supervision of a certified aircraft maintenance engineer (AME). Typically, this practical experience is obtained through apprenticeships or on-the-job training at maintenance organizations approved by Transport Canada.
The two main license categories, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer and Avionics Maintenance Engineer, hold recognition from both Transport Canada and EASA. Nevertheless, if a person aims to pursue a similar role in the US, s/he will need to undergo a license conversion process.
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME). This license allows the mechanic to perform repairs and overhaul tasks on any aircraft type, including its airframe, avionics, and engines, as well as hydraulic and electrical systems. Based on the specialized training and qualifications required, there are four subcategories of the AME license.
Airframe AME. This subcategory focuses on the maintenance, repair, and overhaul of the structural components of an aircraft, including its fuselage, wings, and control surfaces.
Powerplant AME. The Powerplant subcategory pertains to the maintenance, repair, and overhaul of aircraft engines, including both piston and turbine engines.
Avionics AME. Avionics AMEs specialize in the maintenance, repair, and installation of aircraft electronic systems and components, such as navigation, communication, and instrumentation systems.
Gas Turbine Engine AME. This subcategory specifically addresses the maintenance, repair, and overhaul of gas turbine engines, which are commonly used in jet aircraft propulsion.
Avionics Maintenance Engineer. This license enables mechanics to focus exclusively on aircraft avionics systems, with further specialization offered through two distinct subcategories.
Radio Systems Maintenance Engineer. This subcategory focuses on the maintenance, repair, and installation of aircraft radio communication systems, including transmitters, receivers, antennas, and associated equipment.
Instrument Systems Maintenance Engineer. The Instrument Systems subcategory pertains to the maintenance, repair, and installation of aircraft navigation and instrumentation systems, such as altimeters, airspeed indicators, gyroscopes, and autopilot systems.
These subcategories of the Avionics Maintenance Engineer license require specialized training and qualifications to ensure proficiency in maintaining and troubleshooting aircraft electronic systems and components.
How to become an aircraft mechanic in Europe?
Those harboring aspirations of pursuing an aircraft mechanic in Europe must comply with the regulations set forth by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) as well as the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of a particular EASA member state. Getting licensed in Europe might seem more complicated than in North America.
As per EASA regulations, a person seeking to engage in aircraft maintenance tasks on an EU-registered aircraft must initially acquire a basic Aircraft Maintenance License (AML) without a specific aircraft type rating. Once equipped with comprehensive maintenance knowledge and practical experience, the s/he may opt for a particular aircraft type they intend to specialize in.
The AML can be divided into three primary categories, each subdivided into smaller classifications, which determine the proficiency of aircraft mechanics and outline certain limitations on the routine of daily work.
Category A. The EASA Category A aircraft mechanic license authorizes individuals to perform basic line maintenance tasks on aircraft. This includes activities such as routine inspections, fluid checks, lubrication, cleaning, and minor repairs that are conducted during the aircraft’s turnaround time. Category A license holders are trained to troubleshoot and rectify simple defects to ensure the aircraft’s airworthiness and readiness for its next scheduled departure.
Category B1. Category B1 holders tackle more complex aircraft maintenance tasks and need to obtain more hands-on experience than Category A mechanics. Their duties mainly revolve around base maintenance, which involves complex repairs and overhauls following OEM and operator maintenance programs. This entails addressing issues with the aircraft’s structure, engine, and mechanical and electrical systems. Typically conducted in a hangar or workshop, these tasks can span from a few days to several months. The Category B1 holders also have the authority to certify certain maintenance activities completed by less experienced maintenance personnel.
Category B2. Following EASA regulations, individuals holding a B2 license specialize in jet avionics, encompassing various flight control systems such as autopilot, communication, and navigation. This license grants aircraft mechanics the authority to undertake maintenance and overhaul of avionics systems, particularly during heavy checks. The B2 license holders are also allowed to certify a portion of the work upon its completion, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and airworthiness requirements.
Category C. The Category C license signifies an advanced certification for exceptionally skilled aircraft mechanics with extensive experience in the MRO sector. The Category C mechanics hold pivotal roles in both line and base maintenance checks, as they are authorized to conduct thorough inspections and sign off the Certificate of Release to Service (CRS), which confirms that all maintenance work has been completed per strict regulations, ensuring the aircraft’s safety.
Can you convert an aircraft mechanic license?
There is a notable contrast between the aircraft mechanics licensing procedures in North America and Europe. While the US regulator implements a more time-saving requirement for mechanics to become licensed, the process of obtaining a license in Europe is more complex.
For instance, the FAA only requires individuals to have 18 months of experience before obtaining the A&P license, whereas EASA mandates a minimum of three years of practice to obtain a non-type-rated AML. Moreover, while the A&P license grants universal capabilities to work on various aircraft types, EASA takes a stricter approach, requiring mechanics to obtain a type rating for a specific aircraft in addition to the non-type-rated AML.
What if you already possess a license and are seeking employment in another country? Is it possible to convert a license and work in a foreign country after obtaining it? If so, how does the process work? Once a person holds a valid EASA-issued AML with a type rating, s/he can convert the license to the FAA-approved A&P license. To do so, the individual must provide verification of at least 18 months of previous experience in the field. Additionally, the US aviation regulator’s appointed inspector will require the specialist to pass several exams, including written, oral, and practical checks.
However, Transport Canada’s policy presents its own set of challenges for those who seek their license conversion. A direct conversion of the aircraft mechanic license is only achievable if it is issued by a country that has a bilateral agreement with Canada. Otherwise, the conversion is not feasible.
For example, if an aviation mechanic holds the A&P issued by the FAA and aims to work in Canada, then s/he needs to apply for a Canadian AME license through Transport Canada. However, this conversion process usually requires individuals to demonstrate that their qualifications meet specific Canadian regulatory standards. This may involve providing documentation of education and work experience, as well as additional training and passing additional required examinations and assessments.
Otherwise, the conversion is not feasible.